Last January, Europe’s carmakers were gearing up for their most challenging year in recent memory — one in which they would be forced to vastly expand their sales of electric and hybrid cars or fall foul of tough new emissions regulations and risk hundreds of millions of euros in fines.
Then came Covid-19, and lockdowns that brought assembly lines to a standstill for weeks, delaying for several months the rollout of key emissions-free models, such as Volkswagen’s flagship ID. 3.
The result was a late dash, as manufacturers saw their finely honed strategies torn up by events.
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